📄 Article 8: Tragic Conflict

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In January 1969, Richard Nixon became the new American president. Nixon was determined to continue the war effort, which he claimed was supported by a "silent majority" of Americans. In an attempt to limit the number of American casualties, Johnson decided to begin withdrawing U.S. ground troops, while increasing bombing and giving South Vietnamese control over ground operations. The president called this policy "Vietnamization." Despite these efforts, anti-war protests continued to build as the conflict wore on. In 1968 and 1969, there were hundreds of anti-war marches and gatherings throughout the country. On November 15, 1969, the largest anti-war protest in American history brought 250,000 people to Washington, D.C. During 1970, the U.S. spread the war into both Cambodia and Laos, sparking a new wave of protests across America. In December 1972, Nixon authorized bombing raids against North Vietnamese targets. Known as the Christmas Bombings, these raids were condemned around the world. In January 1973, a peace agreement between the United States and North Vietnam was finally signed. For Americans, the war in Vietnam was over at last. War between North and South Vietnam continued until 1975, however. In 1976, Vietnam was unified under communist control as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. **The war's toll** Almost everyone in Vietnam was affected by the war. Nearly 3 million Vietnamese were killed. Three million more were wounded and another 12 million became refugees. Much of the country lay in ruins when the fighting finally ended. The United States was greatly affected as well. The war cost more than $120 billion and it bitterly divided the nation. Some 58,200 American soldiers were killed during the war, and many more were wounded. Image 1. In Berkeley-Oakland City, California, demonstrators march against the war in Vietnam, December 1965. AP Photo. [click to enlarge] This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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1969年1月，理查德·尼克松就任美国新总统。尼克松决心继续战争，他声称此举得到了美国“沉默的大多数”的支持。为了限制美军伤亡人数，约翰逊决定开始撤出美国地面部队，同时增加轰炸，并将地面行动的控制权交给南越。总统将这项政策称为“越南化”。 尽管做出了这些努力，但随着冲突的持续，反战抗议活动不断升级。1968年和1969年，全国各地举行了数百场反战游行和集会。1969年11月15日，美国历史上规模最大的反战抗议活动在华盛顿特区举行，吸引了25万人参加。 1970年，美国将战火蔓延到柬埔寨和老挝，在美国各地引发了新一轮抗议活动。1972年12月，尼克松授权对北越目标进行轰炸。这些轰炸被称为“圣诞轰炸”，遭到全世界的谴责。 1973年1月，美国与北越之间终于签署了和平协议。对美国人来说，越南战争终于结束了。 然而，北越和南越之间的战争一直持续到1975年。1976年，越南在共产党的控制下统一，成立了越南社会主义共和国。 **战争的代价** 越南几乎每个人都受到了战争的影响。近300万越南人丧生。另有300万人受伤，1200万人沦为难民。战争最终结束时，该国大部分地区已成废墟。 美国也受到了巨大影响。这场战争耗资超过1200亿美元，并使国家严重分裂。约58200名美国士兵在战争中丧生，另有更多人受伤。 图片1. 1965年12月，加利福尼亚州伯克利-奥克兰市，示威者游行反对越南战争。美联社照片。 [点击放大] 本文有5个阅读级别，可在https://newsela.com查阅。

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the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, while the southern part was known as the Republic of Vietnam. In 1955, Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Bao aside to become president of South Vietnam. U.S. intervention begins during the Cold War US. interest in Vietnam was shaped by its rivalry with the Soviet Union (USSR), a group of communist countries led by Russia. Following World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union had become locked in a struggle for influence around the world. This struggle was known as the Cold War because unlike a "hot war," there was no actual fighting. The United States and its allies hoped to stop the spread of communism, a system that gave the government a lot of control over businesses and a country's natural wealth. This was very different from the U.S. system of capitalism. In capitalism, people own their homes, land and businesses and make their own decisions about money. Ho and his followers were communists, and North Vietnam became communist after 1954. During the 1950s, the United States hardened its policies against any allies of the Soviet Union, including North Vietnam. By 1955, President Dwight D. Eisenhower had pledged his firm support to South Vietnam and to Diem, who was strongly anti-communist. With training and equipment from the American military, Diem's police cracked down on communist sympathizers in the south, who were known as the Viet Cong. Around 100,000 people were arrested, and many of them were tortured and executed. The Viet Cong soon began fighting back. By 1959, they were engaged in battles with South Vietnamese army forces. In January 1961, John F. Kennedy became the new U.S. president. Kennedy quickly grew very concerned about Vietnam. His thinking was influenced by the "domino theory," which held that if one Southeast Asian country became communist, many would follow. In 1961, Kennedy increased US. aid to South Vietnam. By 1962, there were around 9,000 U.S. troops in South Vietnam, compared with fewer than 800 during the 1950s. The war escalates under a new president In November 1963, Diem was overthrown by some of his own generals, and then put to death. Three weeks later, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. America's new president, Lyndon B. Johnson, decided to increase U.S. military support of South Vietnam. The following August, the U.S. claimed North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked two U.S. destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin — though now many historians believe the event didn't happen. In response, Johnson immediately ordered the bombing of military targets in North Vietnam. By early 1965, U.S. planes were conducting regular bombing raids over North Vietnamese territory. In March 1965, Johnson made the decision to send U.S. ground forces into battle in Vietnam. By 1966, around 282,000 combat troops were stationed in Vietnam. The United States also stepped up its bombing of North Vietnam, and later began bombing areas of South Vietnam as well. By November 1967, there were nearly half a million American troops in Vietnam. U.S. casualties had reached 15,058 killed and 109,527 wounded. As the number of casualties mounted, Americans began turning against the war. In October 1967, some 35,000 demonstrators staged a mass anti-war protest. From Vietnamization to withdrawal This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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越南民主共和国，而南部则被称为越南共和国。1955年，吴庭艳排挤保大，成为南越总统。 冷战期间美国开始介入 美国对越南的兴趣源于其与苏联（USSR）的竞争，苏联是以俄罗斯为首的共产主义国家集团。第二次世界大战后，美国和苏联在全球范围内陷入了争夺影响力的斗争。这场斗争被称为冷战，因为与“热战”不同，它没有实际的军事冲突。美国及其盟友希望阻止共产主义的蔓延，共产主义是一种政府对企业和国家自然资源拥有高度控制权的制度。这与美国的资本主义制度截然不同。在资本主义制度下，人们拥有自己的房屋、土地和企业，并自主决定金钱事务。胡志明及其追随者是共产主义者，北越在1954年后也成为了共产主义国家。 在20世纪50年代，美国强化了针对苏联任何盟友（包括北越）的政策。到1955年，德怀特·D·艾森豪威尔总统承诺坚定支持南越和坚定的反共分子吴庭艳。在美国军队的训练和装备下，吴庭艳的警察镇压了南方的共产主义同情者，这些人被称为越共。约有10万人被捕，其中许多人遭受酷刑并被处决。越共很快开始反击。到1959年，他们已经与南越军队交战。 1961年1月，约翰·F·肯尼迪成为新任美国总统。肯尼迪很快对越南深感担忧。他的思想受到“多米诺骨牌理论”的影响，该理论认为如果一个东南亚国家变成共产主义国家，许多其他国家也会随之效仿。1961年，肯尼迪增加了美国对南越的援助。到1962年，驻扎在南越的美军约有9000人，而20世纪50年代则不到800人。 新总统任期内战争升级 1963年11月，吴庭艳被他自己的一些将军推翻，随后被处决。三周后，肯尼迪总统在达拉斯遇刺。美国新任总统林登·B·约翰逊决定增加美国对南越的军事支持。 次年8月，美国声称北越鱼雷艇在北部湾袭击了两艘美国驱逐舰——尽管现在许多历史学家认为该事件并未发生。作为回应，约翰逊立即下令轰炸北越的军事目标。到1965年初，美国飞机定期对北越领土进行轰炸。 1965年3月，约翰逊决定派遣美国地面部队到越南参战。到1966年，约有28.2万名作战部队驻扎在越南。美国还加大了对北越的轰炸力度，后来也开始轰炸南越地区。 到1967年11月，驻越美军已接近50万人。美军伤亡人数达到15058人死亡，109527人受伤。 随着伤亡人数的增加，美国人开始反对这场战争。1967年10月，约3.5万名示威者举行了大规模反战抗议。 从“越南化”到撤军

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newsela The Vietnam War: Tragic Conflict in Asia Affected an American Generation By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff on 05.02.17 Word Count 958 Level 1040L Hovering U.S. Army helicopters pour machine gun fire into a tree line to cover the advance of South Vietnamese ground troops in an attack on a Viet Cong camp in March 1965. AP Photo The Vietnam War was both long and costly. It set North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally, the United States. The war began in 1954, and for Americans it lasted until 1973 when the U.S. left Vietnam. More than 3 million people were killed in the Vietnam War, including 58,000 Americans. More than half of the Vietnamese who died were civilians, not soldiers. Vietnam was under French control from 1858 until 1954, when French troops were defeated by forces under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. Vietnam was then split in two. Emperor Bao Dai ruled in the South, while Ho was in control of the North. The northern part of Vietnam became This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com.

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Newsela 越南战争：亚洲的悲剧冲突影响了一代美国人 作者：History.com，Newsela 团队于2017年5月2日改编 字数：958 阅读水平：1040L 1965年3月，美国陆军直升机盘旋在空中，向树林倾泻机枪火力，掩护南越地面部队进攻越共营地。美联社照片 越南战争漫长而代价高昂。它使北越及其南方盟友（被称为越共）与南越及其主要盟友美国对立。战争始于1954年，对美国人而言，一直持续到1973年美国撤离越南。超过300万人在越南战争中丧生，其中包括5.8万名美国人。在死亡的越南人中，超过一半是平民，而非士兵。 从1858年到1954年，越南一直处于法国的控制之下，直到法军被胡志明领导的部队击败。越南随后一分为二。保大皇帝统治南方，而胡志明则控制北方。越南北部成为了 本文在 https://newsela.com 提供5个阅读级别。